Philosophers, theologians and ultimately cosmologists have theorized about the nature of the universe since the first man and woman gazed upward at the heavens. In the infancy of humanity it was natural to assume that an omnipotent, almighty being created the universe, that the universe was made by God. Yet is a god really necessary for the creation of the universe?

As one looks further and further into the heavens it becomes obvious that all the elements of the universe, stars, solar systems, galaxies, etc. are in various states of transition. Stars live and die. Entire galaxies collide. There are great cosmic catastrophes. The components of our universe are in a dynamic, ever changing state.

Hence it seems quite unlikely that any omnipotent god created the universe any more than a god is necessary for stars or star systems to live and die. More than likely the universe is in as state of constant change and flux just as is all its components.

Herein is proposed the theory of an infinite or eternal universe (infinite in terms of time and duration of existence; hence, the eternal universe). The basic principles which prescribe an eternal universe are set forth and the models which support and enable such an eternal universe are explained. Also further questions are given for study, debate and to challenge the intellictual that this endeavor may lead to developing better proofs, models or unified field theories to support the theory of an infinite and eternal universe.

(1) Time is infinite. The universe has always existed and will continue to exist for eternity. Therefore the Big Bang or any other theory of cosmology which suggest the universe has a finite existence if a false and mythical concept.

(2) There is no point in the universe that is not in motion. Because the principle of the mythical Big Bang would require an initial point of convergence for all material of the universe, this is not possible as that point would be in motion and it would be impossible for all matter of the universe to converge or ever reach a moving point. This in and of itself negates the idea of the Big Bang.

(3) Space is that summation of all points in the universe. Being in constant motion, space is an infinite flux. The shape of the space-time continuum is that of a sinusoidal flux. This may be envisioned if one draws a straight line. Then imagine a cylinder or tunnel around this line. The cylinder is constricted at points much line a hour glass to form a hyperbola, one end of the hour glass's hyperbola leading into the next end of the hour glass's hyperbola. The minimum central point of this hyperbolic convergence is what inside observers see as the point at which the mythical Big Bang occurred, the point of convergence. However this point is in motion and constitutes a line about which the constriction in the space-time continuum occurs such that the flux of the universe continues into infinity and if projected over time might be imagined as an infinite train of hour glasses.

(4) The universe progresses along an infinite time line; ie, the space-time continuum along which is the universe progresses has no beginning nor end. Time is a paradox without a beginning or end; indeed, without a point which may be pinned down or marked at any given instant, given as soon as one sets a point of time it has vanished into the future. It is this paradox which comes into play when one progresses upon that journey of the imagination back in time to some point close to the mythical Big Bang. At that point of convergence of all matter and energy you would find that the universe (time-space continuum) looks like a hyperbola which has just reached its minimum. (See Figure 1 from original manuscript below):

(5) A projection of the universe through time would have the appearance of a fluctuating space-time continuum. If you could follow the expanding, contracting web of the space-time continuum it would appear much like a tunnel, a contracting, expanding sinusoidal wave or hour glass. The symbol for an infinite universe is ! (an exclamation mark or a five pointed asterisk type exclamation mark) which represents the point we perceive to be the mythical Big Bang from an inside observer's perspective), but if we could be outside the universe, of perpetual existence, would see as a point in an endless space-time continuum. (See Figure 2 from original manuscript below:

Figure 2 - Extrapolation or projection of space-time continuum through multiple cycles showing the infinite nature of the universe

(6) It is impossible to preceive at any given instance the shape of the universe. One must realize that at any given point in time the universe has a configuration somewhere along the line of time's projection, yet its past and future configuration can not be seen as it does not yet exist, or having been no longer exists. Hence the paradox of the infinite universe is that its configuration, past, present or future, may never be known, only projected as a probability. The infinite nature of time as a line upon which the universe progresses (thus giving a universe which is infinite in terms of its existence) negates creation and hence the idea that God created the universe is void. The universe exists without God as its creator. Of course God the omnipotent may exist as a belief such God having nothing to do with cosmology or the creation of the universe and being a concern of human ethics and morality.

(7) The mythical Big Bang is really an illusion given the infinite nature of the space-time continuum along which or through which the universe progresses. Since we can not see into the future we may only project into the future to prescribe the probable nature of the universe based upon our perception of past events. We may similarly project into the past yet we can not project beyond that point at which the universe is in flux and has a convergence. For this reason one may falsely conclude that the universe came into existence in an instance. Yet the fact this is false is given once one realizes that time is infinite and all matter in the universe which is in motion would never be able to converge upon a single point; that the very momentum of matter in a space-time continuum serves as an engine which drives the universe through an infinite cycle of flux.

(Given the limitations of HTML, the following conventions for symbols shall be used:

~ tilde shall represent the symbol for infinity

+ plus sign shall represent a point in space

< less than sign shall represent a arrow extending into infinity

> greater than sign shall represent a arrow extending into infinity

* asterisk shall represent a three dimensional position in space

! exclamation mark shall represent the point of convergence or mythical Big Bang

In an infinite universe time has no beginning nor end.

                                                                  Present
Past ~ <--------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------------> ~ Future

There is an infinite past and an infinite future. These infinites of past, P, and future, F, are equivalent. The present is always now.

This concept of an infinite universe is in stark contrast with that which has a beginning:

Static Point
 Beginning                                          P r e s e n t
     + --------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------------> ~ Future
  Origin
Big Bang  

In a universe that has a beginning there is one static point from which all time and existence began. This concept has the problem of what existed before this moment of creation? It also has the problem of what is the engine, the power or force which created the universe? Plus one runs into all sorts of problems with respect to conception of a static point universe, namely the state of matter when all matter occupies a single static point, a point where time equals zero, T = 0. Such a point is inconsistent with the paradoxical nature of time in that time can not be pinned down.

In a dynamic, infinite universe, these problems are solved because the forces of the universe become the engine which creates and drives itself. All matter never comes to occupy a single point; rather, the universe expands and contracts always driving itself onward into the future.

The idea that the universe has a beginning and an end is even more problematic:

    T = 0                                                                                                           T = 0
Static Point                                           Present                                                   Static Point
      + --------------------------------------------------- + --------------------------------------------------------- + 
Beginning                                                                                                             End

In this concept of the universe time equals zero at both the beginning and the end of the universe. Yet between these two points time exhibits its paradoxical nature of never being able to be pinned down or stopped. The problem here is that a universe with a static point beginning and a static point end requires that the paradoxical nature of time be changed. Yet the paradoxical nature of time is a constant. Hence it follows that the universe has neither a static point beginning or a static point end. The universe is an infinite progression into the future out of an infinite progression from the past.

                                                             *      *
                                                       *                     *
                                                *                                    * 
                                       *                                                      *
                          *                                                                                *
           *                                                                                                            *
*                                                               P r e s e n t                                                     *
Past ~ <--------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------------> ~ Future

(The limitations of HTML do not permit a very good representation of this concept, therefore please refer to Original Manuscript Fig. 6 below)

Figure 6 - The sinusoidal space-time continuum mid sectional view, upper and lower views

The manner in which the volume of the universe changes in an infinite universe must by necessity be sinusoidal (or approach sinusoidal). It can not be hyperbolic or parabolic from a fixed, static point as this would destroy the paradoxical nature of time. Only a sinusoidal universe provides that engine which drives itself ever into the future, from the past into the present to see the future clearly, a new night sky, each and every night into infinity.

This concept of the universe will perhaps be most difficult to grasp by those whom believe in God as the creator of the universe. An infinite universe negates the existence of God as creator of the universe. Yet an infinite universe does not negate the existence of God as an omnipotent spirit, that quality of humanity which tends to ever improve and better itself, to ever love and enrich the human experience through goodwill unto each other. Hence in an infinite universe the omnipotent spirit of God is safe and sound for the same eternity that the universe exists.

(1) In an infinite universe how do the forces of nature (gravity, energy, matter, etc.) behave or vary at different points along the sinusoidal time line? Specifically at those points of convergence "C" and maximum apex "A" (maximum expansion) where the universe begins its collapse? A unified field theory is necessary which does not break down at these points.

                                                                A
                                                             *       *
                                                       *                     *
                                                *                                    * 
                                       *                                                      *
                          *                                                                              *
              *                                                                                                     *
C *                                                        P r e s e n t                                                 * C
Past ~ <--------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------------> ~ Future

(Here again the limitations of HTML do not permit a very good representation of this concept, therefore please refer to Original Manuscript Fig. 7 below)

Figure 7 - Sinusoidal universe showing apex "A" and convergence "C"

(2) Given that all points of matter are in motion at the convergence "C" it would follow that the collapse of matter into itself, being a dynamic process, is itself that engine which drives the universe. This may best be envisioned as matter racing to converge upon a static point yet never being able to do so given its own momentum and the paradox of time that no such static point can exist. It would be interesting to make a computer model which exhibits this concept.

(3) What is the width of the universe at its convergence and maximum apex? What is the period of the universe from point of convergence to point of convergence? In other words, what is the one-half wavelength of the universe, that period from convergence to convergence which for all practical purposes is the time our universe will remain in expansion and contraction?

(4) What is the period of the universe that is most probable for life? Where along the time line are we today? At point X, Y, Z or some other point (where is the present)?

                                                                A
                                                             *       *
                                                       *                     *
                                                *Z                                    * 
                                       * Y                                                     *
                          * X                                                                             *
              *                                                                                                     *
C *                                                        P r e s e n t                                                 * C
Past ~ <--------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------------> ~ Future                               (Where is the present along this line?)

(Here again the limitations of HTML do not permit a very good representation of this concept, Therefore please refer to Original Manuscript Fig. 8 below)

Figure 8 - Sinusoidal universe with hypothetical present at X, Y and/or Z

If we divide the time line of the universe up into equal segments, in which segment do we presently exist and at what point along the line does the density of matter in the universe prohibit existence of life supporting star systems, or does the universe ever reach such a high density?

(5) Does the surface of the space-time continuum retain a smooth shape or does it have dimples, bumps, projections or irregularities? In other words, is it a perfect sinusoidal or is it more like a jelly fish or amoeba having fingers and projections?

(6) Is there more than one universe? The concept of an infinite universe in and of itself suggests that there may be an entire matrix of infinite universes. This is a mind boggling concept, one which may never be ascertainable for certainly as each universe would essentially be a closed system and we would likely never be able to perceive its presence, unless perhaps, some phenomena like black holes are the fingers or projections from one universe into another, perhaps at points where mass has so converged to such a high density that holes or tunnels are created from one universe into another.

(7) Make various three dimensional models of an infinite universe in virtual reality to demonstrate dynamically how such an infinite universe might be perceived. Integrate into this dynamic multiple universes to show how they might be perceived. Models so created should be based upon an infinite time line and mass, gravity, energy relationships which remain stable at all points in space upon the model.

The Big Bang is a myth; it never happened as time is infinite. What we perceive as a point of convergence for the mythical Big Bang is more like the tunnel in an hour glass of the space-time continuum through which all matter and energy would be flowing as the universe is at a minimum point of constriction in its perceive, infinite progression.

The universe is a dynamic system, having no beginning nor end; time being a moment to moment progression of infinitely smaller and smaller durations, the paradoxical nature of time being that it never stops and can never be pinned down to an infinitely small point in time and space; that time stretches on infinitely into the future and there is no point at which all time and space may ever converge; hence no Big Bang, no beginning or end to the universe; just one infinite space-time continuum.

Because time can not be stopped and all matter in the universe is in constant motion, there can never be a beginning or end of the universe. The universe is perpetual in nature, the summation of its being in motion constituting the engine which drives itself into a perpetual future.

The perpetual nature of the universe is a matter of cosmology only and has no implications whatsoever with regard to the religious belief systems of humanity, for the idea of an omnipotent god embraces far more than just the concept of creation or Genesis; it embraces the nature of humanity. The greatest value of all religion comes through its teaching of humanity to be loving, caring and of good will by nature. Therefore the fact that the universe is infinite and eternal in nature and that there is no god who created the universe has no bearing upon this greater ideal of human endeavor. God may still exist as a spirit in the heart, mind and soul of humanity, and it is there that belief in God, a god of love, will do the most good.

The nature of the universe as an infinite space-time continuum suggest the existence of more than one universe; indeed of parallel universes, of fabrics in the cosmos beyond the limits of our own universe; indeed a whole matrix of universes, each with its own space-time continuum -- a mind boggling concept which could explain such observed phenomena as black holes. We should then see the opposite of black holes, matter being shot into our own universe from other universes, what might be called matter geysers in the fabric of the space-time continuum.

Our universe may be but one of an infinite number of universes and the matter of any given universe may not be finite, but may vary as holes are popped in universes, matter being sucked from one universe into another. Should a bright gleam appear in the fringe of our universe, it is perhaps where another universe merges with our own and where we perceive black holes is perhaps where our own universe spills its matter into another universe. The nature of infinity brings with it the possibility that we are not alone, that existence is of a scope which defies imagination!